在整个宇宙学模拟中，初始条件中的物质密度场的性质对今天形成的结构的特征具有决定性的影响。在本文中，我们使用随机森林分类算法来推断暗物质颗粒是否追溯到初始条件，最终将在肿块上高于一些阈值的暗物质卤素。该问题可能被构成为二进制分类任务，其中物质密度字段的初始条件映射到由光环发现者程序提供的分类标签。我们的研究结果表明，随机森林是有效的工具，无法在不运行完整过程的情况下预测宇宙学模拟的输出。在将来可能使用这些技术来降低计算时间并更有效地探索不同暗物质/暗能候选对宇宙结构的形成的影响。

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) refers to clinician-performed and interpreted ultrasonography at the patient's bedside. Interpreting these images requires a high level of expertise, which may not be available during emergencies. In this paper, we support POCUS by developing classifiers that can aid medical professionals by diagnosing whether or not a patient has pneumothorax. We decomposed the task into multiple steps, using YOLOv4 to extract relevant regions of the video and a 3D sparse coding model to represent video features. Given the difficulty in acquiring positive training videos, we trained a small-data classifier with a maximum of 15 positive and 32 negative examples. To counteract this limitation, we leveraged subject matter expert (SME) knowledge to limit the hypothesis space, thus reducing the cost of data collection. We present results using two lung ultrasound datasets and demonstrate that our model is capable of achieving performance on par with SMEs in pneumothorax identification. We then developed an iOS application that runs our full system in less than 4 seconds on an iPad Pro, and less than 8 seconds on an iPhone 13 Pro, labeling key regions in the lung sonogram to provide interpretable diagnoses.

The NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) is an essential tool for researchers that allows them to explore the astronomy and astrophysics scientific literature, but it has yet to exploit recent advances in natural language processing. At ADASS 2021, we introduced astroBERT, a machine learning language model tailored to the text used in astronomy papers in ADS. In this work we: - announce the first public release of the astroBERT language model; - show how astroBERT improves over existing public language models on astrophysics specific tasks; - and detail how ADS plans to harness the unique structure of scientific papers, the citation graph and citation context, to further improve astroBERT.

自我定位是一种基本功能，移动机器人导航系统集成到使用地图从一个点转移到另一点。因此，任何提高本地化精度的增强对于执行精致的灵活性任务至关重要。本文描述了一个新的位置，该位置使用Monte Carlo定位（MCL）算法维护几个颗粒人群，始终选择最佳的粒子作为系统的输出。作为新颖性，我们的工作包括一种多尺度匹配匹配算法，以创建新的MCL群体和一个确定最可靠的指标。它还贡献了最新的实现，从错误的估计或未知的初始位置增加了恢复时间。在与NAV2完全集成的模块中评估了所提出的方法，并与当前的最新自适应ACML溶液进行了比较，从而获得了良好的精度和恢复时间。

准确地估算主要山区盆地中的积雪对于水资源经理来说至关重要，以便做出影响当地和全球经济，野生动植物和公共政策的决策。目前，此估计需要多个配备LIDAR的飞机飞行或原位测量值，两者均昂贵，稀疏和对可访问区域有偏见。在本文中，我们证明了来自多个，公开可用的卫星和天气数据源的空间和时间信息的融合，可以估算关键山区的积雪。我们的多源模型的表现优于单源估计值5.0英寸RMSE，并且优于稀疏的原位测量值的估计值1.2英寸RMSE。

尽管电子健康记录是生物医学研究的丰富数据来源，但这些系统并未在医疗环境中统一地实施，并且由于医疗保健碎片化和孤立的电子健康记录之间缺乏互操作性，可能缺少大量数据。考虑到缺少数据的案例的删除可能会在随后的分析中引起严重的偏见，因此，一些作者更喜欢采用多重插补策略来恢复缺失的信息。不幸的是，尽管几项文献作品已经通过使用现在可以自由研究的任何不同的多个归档算法记录了有希望的结果，但尚无共识，MI算法效果最好。除了选择MI策略之外，归纳算法及其应用程序设置的选择也至关重要且具有挑战性。在本文中，受鲁宾和范布伦的开创性作品的启发，我们提出了一个方法学框架，可以应用于评估和比较多种多个插补技术，旨在选择用于计算临床研究工作中最有效的推断。我们的框架已被应用于验证和扩展较大的队列，这是我们在先前的文献研究中提出的结果，我们在其中评估了关键患者的描述符和Covid-19的影响在2型糖尿病患者中的影响，其数据为2型糖尿病，其数据为2型糖尿病由国家共同队列合作飞地提供。

用于探索美国国家航空航天局的搜索工具（广告）可以相当丰富和赋予（例如，类似和趋势的运营商），但研究人员尚未允许完全杠杆语义搜索。例如，对“普朗克任务的结果”查询应该能够区分普朗克（人，任务，常量，机构和更多）的所有各种含义，而无需从用户进一步澄清。在广告中，我们正在将现代机器学习和自然语言处理技术应用于我们最近的天文出版物的数据集，以培训Astrobert，这是一种基于Google研究的深刻语境语言模型。使用AstrBert，我们的目标是丰富广告数据集并提高其可发现性，特别是我们正在开发自己的命名实体识别工具。我们在这里展示我们初步的结果和经验教训。

We demonstrate a proof-of-concept of a large language model conducting corporate lobbying related activities. We use an autoregressive large language model (OpenAI's text-davinci-003) to determine if proposed U.S. Congressional bills are relevant to specific public companies and provide explanations and confidence levels. For the bills the model deems as relevant, the model drafts a letter to the sponsor of the bill in an attempt to persuade the congressperson to make changes to the proposed legislation. We use hundreds of ground-truth labels of the relevance of a bill to a company to benchmark the performance of the model, which outperforms the baseline of predicting the most common outcome of irrelevance. However, we test the ability to determine the relevance of a bill with the previous OpenAI GPT-3 model (text-davinci-002), which was state-of-the-art on many language tasks until text-davinci-003 was released on November 28, 2022. The performance of text-davinci-002 is worse than simply always predicting that a bill is irrelevant to a company. These results suggest that, as large language models continue to improve core natural language understanding capabilities, performance on corporate lobbying related tasks will continue to improve. We then discuss why this could be problematic for societal-AI alignment.

In the past years, deep learning has seen an increase of usage in the domain of histopathological applications. However, while these approaches have shown great potential, in high-risk environments deep learning models need to be able to judge their own uncertainty and be able to reject inputs when there is a significant chance of misclassification. In this work, we conduct a rigorous evaluation of the most commonly used uncertainty and robustness methods for the classification of Whole-Slide-Images under domain shift using the H\&E stained Camelyon17 breast cancer dataset. Although it is known that histopathological data can be subject to strong domain shift and label noise, to our knowledge this is the first work that compares the most common methods for uncertainty estimation under these aspects. In our experiments, we compare Stochastic Variational Inference, Monte-Carlo Dropout, Deep Ensembles, Test-Time Data Augmentation as well as combinations thereof. We observe that ensembles of methods generally lead to higher accuracies and better calibration and that Test-Time Data Augmentation can be a promising alternative when choosing an appropriate set of augmentations. Across methods, a rejection of the most uncertain tiles leads to a significant increase in classification accuracy on both in-distribution as well as out-of-distribution data. Furthermore, we conduct experiments comparing these methods under varying conditions of label noise. We observe that the border regions of the Camelyon17 dataset are subject to label noise and evaluate the robustness of the included methods against different noise levels. Lastly, we publish our code framework to facilitate further research on uncertainty estimation on histopathological data.